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Key actions include: Activation of the folate-polyamine-AICAR pathway, triggering AMPK signaling independently of cellular energy depletion Enhanced glucose uptake in skeletal muscle via GLUT4 translocation, resembling insulin-responsive metabolic pathways Interaction with nuclear transcription factors to support antioxidant defense and control of inflammatory pathways Through these mechanisms, MOTS-c functions as a mitochondria-to-nucleus messenger, facilitating cellular adaptation to energy demands and oxidative stress

IL-6 levels in serum and macrophage culture medium were measured using a rat-specific Biotrak ELISA system

PMID 14988435

In addition to the established action of OXM on appetite, another mechanism that potentially plays a role in energy intake and glucose metabolism is gastric emptying

The two terms refer to the same peptide and both appear in PubMed search results