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To reduce the negative impact of AAS on the hormonal system, unapproved PCT is used, which consist of medications that help restore hormonal balance

Documented mechanisms of action Preclinical studies (mostly Russian, to be reproduced in international protocols) report several mechanistic targets: BDNF increase (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor) in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, measured by ELISA and Western blot 24-72 h post-administration Monoaminergic system modulation : cortical dopamine increase, serotonergic modulation Activation of the melanocortin pathway via MC4R receptors (residue shared with ACTH) Anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic effect in cerebral ischaemia models (MCAO, middle cerebral artery occlusion) Experimental paradigms The most reported rodent models are the Morris water maze (spatial memory), novel object recognition (recognition memory), passive avoidance (aversive learning)

Epub 2023 Jun 23

D., & Botvinick, M

Next, the many challenges associated with drug design are discussed and we urge additional research attention to neurotrophins given their demonstrated ability to address several of the pathologies that characterize AD

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