The neuropathic pain: an overview of the current treatment and future therapeutic approaches
Their specific mechanisms of action can complement small molecule drugs or other biologics to achieve improved therapeutic outcomes
There are many people who dont get enough vitamin B-12-especially those with dietary restrictions, digestive problems, or high stress levels
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Like its better-known relative GHK-Cu (Glycyl-Histidyl-Lysine copper), AHK-Cu is a tripeptide three amino acids bonded in sequence with a copper(II) ion coordinated to the peptide backbone
Following endocytosis, the HoloTC complex is degraded in lysosomes and free B12 is released into the cytoplasm, via CblF (Rutsch et al., 2009) and CblJ ( This free cytoplasmic B12 undergoes a series of intracellular transport and modifications to enable two core enzymatic reactions: 1) adenosyl-B12 acts as a co-factor for the enzyme methylmalonyl-coA mutase that catalyzes the conversion of methylmalonyl-coA to succinyl-coA, thereby enabling restoration of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates and 2) methyl-B12 enables methionine synthase in the re-methylation of homocysteine to methionine using methyl-tetrahydrofolate (MTHF) as a methyl donor, thereby enabling the vital biochemical pathways of the folate cycle and methionine cycle, facilitating the downstream synthesis of important compounds like DNA and RNA (Figure 2)
