Contrary to arginine, histidine supplementation did not affect breast weight (192)
All primer sequences for mouse colon tissues are listed in Table 1
F.Sarmiento-VizcanoA.OssetM.Prez-VictoriaI.MartnJ.de PedroN.et al (2017)
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Enzymatic Antioxidants Superoxide Dismutase (SOD): Converts superoxide radicals (O) into hydrogen peroxide (HO) Exists in three forms: SOD1 (cytosolic), SOD2 (mitochondrial), and SOD3 (extracellular) Requires mineral cofactors: copper and zinc for SOD1/SOD3, manganese for SOD2 One of the body's first lines of defense against reactive oxygen species SOD2 is particularly crucial for protecting mitochondria from oxidative damage Catalase: Converts hydrogen peroxide (HO) into water and oxygen Primarily located in peroxisomes but also found in mitochondria and other cellular compartments One of the fastest-acting enzymes known, capable of decomposing millions of HO molecules per second Protects cells from the hydroxyl radicals that would form if HO were left unconverted Complementary to the action of SOD, handling the product of SOD's reaction Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx): Reduces hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxides to water and corresponding alcohols Requires selenium as a cofactor Works alongside glutathione, which becomes oxidized in the process Exists in several isoforms distributed in different cellular compartments Particularly important for protecting cell membranes from lipid peroxidation Thioredoxin System: Maintains proteins in their reduced state Comprises thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and NADPH Plays critical roles in DNA synthesis and redox signaling Helps recycle other antioxidants like vitamin C Contributes to protein repair after oxidative damage Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants Glutathione: Often called the "master antioxidant" Tripeptide composed of cysteine, glycine, and glutamic acid Exists in both reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) forms Directly neutralizes many types of free radicals Recycles other antioxidants like vitamins C and E Plays roles in detoxification, immune function, and cellular communication Levels naturally decline with age and under conditions of chronic stress Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10): Fat-soluble antioxidant present in all cell membranes Essential component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain Protects cell membranes from lipid peroxidation Regenerates other antioxidants like vitamin E Production decreases with age, potentially contributing to age-related mitochondrial dysfunction Most concentrated in high-energy demand organs like the heart, liver, and kidneys Uric Acid: End product of purine metabolism Potent scavenger of singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals Accounts for up to 60% of the antioxidant capacity in blood plasma Protects vitamin C from oxidation, extending its antioxidant effects High levels can become problematic, leading to conditions like gout Lipoic Acid: Both water and fat-soluble, allowing it to work throughout the body Regenerates other antioxidants like vitamins C, E, and glutathione Chelates metal ions, preventing them from generating free radicals Improves insulin sensitivity and glucose utilization Supports mitochondrial function and energy production Can Hydrogen Water Enhance Endogenous Antioxidant Activity
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