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About Glutathione peptide Glutathione acts as a major intracellular antioxidant and redox buffer, primarily through the reactive sulfur group in its cysteine residue

Beyond direct bacterial infiltration and the passive diffusion of free microbial products, bacterial extracellular vesicles have recently emerged as a pivotal, independent communication modality along the gutliver axis

Antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, SOD, and GPx have the potential to protect neurons from oxidative damage and neurodegeneration

Key representatives include gallic acid (GA) (a hydroxybenzoic acid found in berries, tea, and other sources) and caffeic acid (a hydroxycinnamic acid abundant in coffee, apples, and herbs), along with others like ferulic and p-coumaric acids (148)

It inhibits the NF-B and MAPK signaling pathways by activating the SIRT1 deacetylase, reduces ROS production, and delays chondrocyte apoptosis (48)

This water-soluble tripeptide, made from the amino acids glycine, cysteine and glutamic acid, supports the cells in detoxification and helps protect them from damage caused by free radicals