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Traditionally, asthma is defined by airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction, while obesity is acknowledged as a state of persistent low-grade inflammation driven by the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipokines originating from adipose tissue

In particular, neurons of the gastrointestinal system are highly sensitive to oxidative stress (219, 225, 226), which is a general hallmark of TD (227)

Tan J, Li Y, Hou DX, Wu S (2019) The effects and mechanisms of cyanidin-3-glucoside and its phenolic metabolites in maintaining intestinal integrity

doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2796.1999.00513.x 538 DavidASWesselySPelosiAJ

A1298C Variant (rs1801131): While this variant has a smaller impact on homocysteine levels, it has been associated with neurotransmitter imbalances, mood disorders, and chronic fatigue [5]

In this chapter, we first provide an overview of glutamatergic neurotransmission and regulation of extracellular glutamate by both excitatory amino acid transporters and system xc-