doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.08.018
The distance from the blood supply can be up to 8 mm or more ( Under normal physiological conditions, the center of the nucleus pulposus primarily relies on anaerobic glycolysis for metabolism, forming a nutrient gradient from the periphery to the center, characterized by a microenvironment with low glucose (approximately 1 mmol/L) and high lactate (approximately 5 mmol/L) (Urban, 2002)
A previous study reported that -KG, the metabolite of Glu, is more abundant in Th17 cells than in Treg cells, suggesting that glutaminolysis may be more active in Th17 cells (47).Further mechanistic findings revealed that 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), a direct product of error-prone dehydrogenase activity on -KG, could trigger hypermethylation of the Foxp3 gene and inhibit Foxp3 transcription, thereby inhibiting the differentiation of Treg cells and regulating Th17/Treg homeostasis through epigenetic mechanisms ( Figure 2 ) (48)
Moreover, suppression of the mTOR-p70S6K axis is able to induce possessing of unique metabolic features, distinguished by high glucose uptake, incremental lactate production, and low mitochondrial respiration, in TNBC cells ( Estrogen Receptor More than two-thirds of the breast cancer cases present as ER-positive, and cancers with ER-positive without HER2-positive is termed as luminal breast cancer (204)
BMSCs promote the differentiation of NSCs into oligodendrocytes via mediating Id2 and Olig expression through BMP/Smad signaling pathway
Graves symptoms include anxiety, hand tremors, sensitivity to heat, weight loss, and enlargement of the thyroid gland
