Ciriolo, Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy e-mail: [email protected] This article was submitted to Experimental Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, a section of the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology
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DighririIMAlsubaieAMHakamiFMHamithiDMAlshekhMMKhobraniFAet al
Figure 1 Granuloma formation occurs in intrathoracic lymph nodes, lungs, skin, heart, and other organs upon contact with antigen-presenting cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, activated epithelial cells) by a triggering agent, followed by the development of unregulated autoimmune inflammation, additionally characterized by an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory acquired immune cell subsets (T- and B lymphocytes) as well as regulatory T cells (79)
For instance, LPS is an endotoxin located in the outer membranes of numerous Gram-negative bacteria
Abbreviations 1MT: 1-methyl-tryptophan 3HAA: 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid 3HK: 3-hydroxykynurenine 5-HT: Serotonin 7nAChRs 7: nicotinic acetylcholine receptors AHR: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor AMPAR: -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor BBB: Blood brain barrier BCG: Bacile Calmette-Gurin BDI-II: Beck Depression Inventory, 2nd edition BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor BSSI: Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation CDRS-R: Childrens Depression Rating Scale-Revised CNS: Central nervous system ESBA: (S)-4-(ethylsulfonyl)benzoylalanine GBA: Gut-brain axis HAMD: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale HPA: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal IDO: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase KAT: Kynurenine aminotransferase KMO: Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase KP: Kynurenine pathway K-SADS-PL: Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children KYN: Kynurenine KYNA: Kynurenic acid LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase LPS: Lipopolysaccharide LSD: Lysergic acid diethylamide MDD: Major depressive disorder NMDAR: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor NO: Nitric oxide PA: Picolinic acid QA: Quinolinic acid ROS: Reactive oxygen species SCFA: Short-chain fatty acids SSRI: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor TBI: Traumatic brain injury TDO : Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase TRP: Tryptophan UCMS: Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress References Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, Chaimani A, Atkinson LZ, Ogawa Y, et al
