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Myths and Facts about Food Intolerance: A Narrative Review

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Succinate : Accumulation stabilizes Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 (HIF-1), driving pro-inflammatory gene expression in macrophages (e.g., IL-1) ( -Ketoglutarate (-KG) : Acts as a cofactor for dioxygenases like TET enzymes and JMJD histone demethylases, influencing the epigenetic landscape and promoting anti-inflammatory phenotypes, such as regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation ( Acetyl-CoA : Serves as the substrate for protein acetylation, including histone acetylation, which opens chromatin and facilitates the transcriptional programs necessary for immune cell activation ( 2.2.3 Reactive oxygen species signaling While excessive ROS causes oxidative damage, physiological levels of mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) are crucial second messengers that activate key signaling pathways like NF-B and NLRP3 inflammasome, amplifying inflammatory responses and enhancing antimicrobial activity in phagocytes ( 2.2.4 Regulation of apoptosis and innate immune signaling Mitochondria control the intrinsic apoptotic pathway by releasing Cytochrome C

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Liver detoxification Glutathione helps your liver function by binding to certain toxins and metabolic waste, making them easier for your body to remove

Each sample was fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred onto a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane