l carnitine tmao koeth 2013 nature medicine Gut Metabolite Trimethylamine-N-Oxide in Atherosclerosis: From Mechanism to Therapy γ–Butyrobetaine is a pro-atherogenic intermediate

Butyrobetaine is a pro atherogenic intermediate in gut microbial metabolism of L carnitine to TMAO PMC A systematic review of TMAO, microRNAs, and the oral gut microbiomes in atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction: mechanistic insights and translational opportunities Journal of Translational Medicine Springer Nature Link TMAO (Trimethylamine oxide) biocrates life science Characterization of TMAO productivity from carnitine challenge facilitates personalized nutrition and microbiome signatures discovery Microbiome Springer Nature Link Gut microbiota metabolism of l carnitine and cardiovascular risk Atherosclerosis Unraveling the Formation Mechanisms of Trimethylamine N Oxide and Its Inhibition by Food Ingredients: Toward Cardioprotective Food Development Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

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