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Common causes of B12 deficiency include poor dietary intake, certain medical conditions (such as pernicious anemia or gastrointestinal disorders), and the bodys decreased ability to absorb B12 with age

In deficiency states, studies have linked low biotin to higher levels of inflammatory signals and disruptions in immune cell activity[1][2], underscoring its broader role in overall wellness

DNA synthesis: B12 plays a role in creating and repairing DNA

When NNMT activity is high, NAD+ is depleted, metabolic rate slows, and fat accumulation increases

It is an intracellular metabolic-enzyme modulator, which is why its research read-outs are things like NAD+ levels and adipocyte gene expression, not how full you feel. That mechanistic distinction is the single most important thing to understand before looking at any dose number

Spankovich C, Bishop C, Johnson MF, Elkins A, Su D, Lobarinas E, Le Prell CG