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Thus, damage to mitochondrial DNA and loss of can further increase ROS production, thereby creating a cycle of dysfunction that includes increased ROS production by the respiratory chain, activation of signal transduction pathways, and potentially, leading to apoptosis or necrosis, as well as the release of cytochrome c, which triggers apoptosis

The homogenate extract from both Zebrafish larvae and the CAM layer of chick embryo was centrifuged at 12,000 g for 15 min at 4 C to remove cellular debris

Cell proliferation assay The Cell Titer 96 Aqueous One cell proliferation assay (MTS assay

Testoni, B., Levrero, M

Nitric oxide (NO), another free radical, is positively regulated by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which triggers lipid peroxidation by producing peroxynitrite anions (Wan et al., 2021)

Note: 5-Amino-1MQ is a small molecule compound, not a peptide