glutathione reductase activity colorimetric assay kit (GR) (ab83461) glutathione peroxidase 1 kit (GPX)

HeLa S3 (human cervical cancer cells), A549 (human adenocarcinomic alveolar basal epithelial cells), and PC-3 (human prostate cancer cells) were cultured in Dulbeccos Modified Eagles medium (DMEM) (Wako-Fujifilm), while MCF-7 (human breast cancer cells) were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium (Wako-Fujifilm)

Car et al., 1988)

Table 4 delineates the sources, classifications, anti-cancer and antitumor characteristics, as well as the mechanisms of action of polyphenols

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However, their derived EVs did not show the same effect, most likely because they were not internalized