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and greater nasal mucosa penetration

Mitochondrial dysfunction can drive senescence via reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation [68, 69], and Tat ( morphine) perturbs mitochondrial function, increasing ROS, protein oxidation, and cytokine release in microglia [60, 70]

10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-24-10464.1998 10 BienenstockE

Chemically composed of three amino acids cysteine, glutamic acid, and glycine it helps neutralize harmful free radicals, supports liver function, and maintains the integrity of cells and tissues

Limitations include reliance on animal models (e.g., germ-free mice) that do not fully mimic human physiology, small human cohorts, and variable sequencing methods leading to non-reproducible taxa changes

Several studies have suggested a relationship between glutathione levels and fatty liver disease