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Vitamin C clearly shows this limitation - you only absorb about 20% orally compared to almost 100% through IV administration

Using a needle that is too short risks intramuscular or intradermal placement, potentially causing delayed absorption, injection site reactions, or inconsistent dosing effects

For example, individuals maintaining a vegetarian or vegan diet for a minimum of 3 months demonstrate significant and enduring shifts in microbial structure and microbiome-related immune parameters compared to those adhering to these diets for shorter periods

Vitamin B 12 can also be absorbed by passive diffusion, but this process is very inefficient only about 1% to 2% of the oral vitamin B 12 dose is absorbed passively (2)

Kuper, H., Adami HO and Trichopoulos D

Anandachockalingam, A., et al