Risk of bias assessment was performed for each included study to evaluate the methodological quality and potential sources of bias
Yet, the only enduring mark he has left on the history of American medicine is his embarrassing, obdurate, messianic insistence, in the face of all factual evidence to the contrary, on the curative powers of heroic depletion therapy [bloodletting and purging]

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Vaping liquids often contain nicotine, which has been shown to affect sperm motility, morphology, and DNA integrity[iv]
Whilst we cannot say that the sample is completely representative of young people in the UK, the sample is large enough to be indicative of the UK adolescent population, and sex, age and smoking prevalence were broadly comparable with national data available from 2021 (31)
CDC sends smokers to 1-800-quit-now or www.cdc.gov/tips for help